American Dream in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

Essential Question: What is the American Dream? America is the land with the most dreamers. America is the land of opportunity and equality. In America your dreams can be fulfilled if you work hard to achieve your goals. The American dream to most is, to be wealthy and to be able to afford anything. Wealth is a plus in life because you can afford expensive items that do not necessarily have a use, but it does not necessarily matter how hard you try or how much you spend you can not buy happiness. Although being wealthy can make you seem happy on the outside, on the inside you would not be as happy as you seem. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author shows how being wealthy will not make you happy. Many people have voiced their opinions of the America dream. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author tries to show you that wealthiness is a luxury not the American dream. And as I sat there, brooding on the old unknown world, I thought of Gatsby?s wonder when he first picked out that green light at the end of Daisy?s dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dreams must have seemed so close that he can hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. (Fitzgerald) To put in simpler terms sometimes your American dream can be so close that you can taste it but it is not close enough to bite it. F. Scott Fitzgerald portrayed his view of the American dream through a character named Jay Gatsby. In the novel Jay Gatsby?s American dream was to get an old girlfriend back by showing off his wealth, but all he got was a bullet that killed him. In the novel he also states that everyone has an American dream and sometimes surpasses it in the process of grasping it. Gatsby It is believed that every person has a dream to accomplish in life but only those who believe can achieve them. ?No man e`er was glorious who was not laborious. Wealth is not his that has it, but his that enjoys it? (Franklin). Franklin believed that you can only spoil yourself if you can afford to.

International Memo Report Essay

The purpose of this memo is provide an understanding of the Tongans and the culture and values that they carry. The reason why this study is necessary is because before meeting any of the Tongan, there is a need to ensure that you too follow the same values and beliefs as them and do not offend them in any manner. Following are some of the major topics under discussion such as the clothes you should wear, the gestures and the attitude you should maintain and many more. Appropriate Dress According to research, the Tongans wear their traditional dress every where, be it to work and at formal occasions. In order to understand the Tongan dress, the following excerpt has been taken: â€Å"Tongan people are still wearing traditional dress. Tongan men wear a tupenu, a cloth skirt-like that goes around their waist, and it goes below their knees. It is worn to work and on formal occasions.† (Internet, 1999[1]) Social Customs The Tonga residents believe that family is of utmost priority. Even though the young people would be noticed calling their older people by their first name, the love and the care that they have incorporated into their culture is the essence of Tonga. Tongans are known to celebrate and get together with their family when they here any kind of news. This is the culture that they hold and this is the kind of culture that should also be held in any coversation. Till the Tongans do not feel like they are with a family, they will not feel comfortable and may not cooperate as required. Eating The eating habits of the Tongan residents is very simple, however, the way they prepare their food is a little different. They are interested in eating meat, vegetables and fruits; however, they cook pork on big occasions only. They usually cook their food is a large underground oven that they make on their own and they have their own techniques of serving food in banana or other kinds of leaves. Gestures and Attitudes The most common way of greeting a Tongan is by either shaking the hands or by providing a verbal greeting. In the native language of Tonga, ‘Malo e lelei’ means hello and this is this greeting is usually provided with a shake hand. What you must ensure is that Tongans believe in comforting unwelcome guests. This means that they have a custom to drop by anyone’s house and expect to be treated with hospitality.

Character Analysis Of Catcher In The Rye - 1101 Words

Holden Caulfield is a character who has been through rejection and wishes to protect others innocence. He is a teen boy who is the main character in Catcher in The Rye by J.D.Salinger. He has an older brother named DB, a younger sister named Phoebe, and a younger, deceased, brother named Allie. Holden retells his story on him, trying to be the catcher in the rye. Holden has been kicked out of different colleges. He has been rejected by different girls. Holden goes through his life story. He talks about being kicked out of Pencey, his friend Jane, his â€Å"acquaintance† Stradlater, and how, when, and where Allie died. Society is to blame for Holden Caulfields decline in mental stability. Society does not help Holden. Instead, they ignore his†¦show more content†¦An example of this is when Holden is failing from Pencey he blames his parents for making him go there in the first place. Holden might be to blame for some things like braking all the windows in his basement, but society is to blame for his downfall in mental health. â€Å"In fact, lack of success may more often be caused by what I call The Peter Pan Syndrome: they won’t grow up.†(Nemko, pg.1) Holden never wants to be responsible for the things that he causes to go wrong. He has blamed his parents for the things he has done and for him not trying at all. He blames his parents for Allie’s death and that they were the reason that he wasn’t able to go the his funeral. Holden blames his parents and doesn’t want to take responsibility for his wrongdoings. Holden has taken so much rejection that he has started to ignore his own health. He has started to drink too much alcohol to be healthy, smokes too much, and does drugs. â€Å"First, mental health issues may cause you to neglect your health, as when a diabetic is too depressed to monitor her blood sugar.† (Young, pg.2) â€Å"I ordered a scotch and soda, and told him to mix it. I said it fast as hell, because if you hem-and-haw, they think youre under twenty-one and won’t sell you any intoxicating liquor.† (Salinger, ch. 10) Holden has started to ignore his health. Holden has done illegal things such as drugs. Drugs can causeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a boy named Holden Caulfield who got kicked out of Pencey Prep, a private school for boys. Throughout the story Holden shows his dislike for society because he believes that it corrupts the innocent. Some people might say that Holden doesn ´t understand that as an adult, most innocent people stay innocent and he is just judgemental of all the people around him. Salinger suggests that in order to transition to the adult world prop erly, an individualRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis788 Words   |  4 Pagesbrutally experiences both at the same time. Recognizing and understanding these representations can help you the most when trying to comprehend this character and real life people who struggle with these problems. In JD Salinger’s coming-of-age novel, The Catcher in the Rye, themes and objects that directly represent symbolism in the main character, Holden’s, depression and loneliness. In the novel, many scenes have phones in them, which represents Holden’s loneliness. When he first arrives backRead MoreCharacter Analysis : The Catcher In The Rye2036 Words   |  9 Pagesisolation, they sometimes struggle to come to terms with the sadness and truths of those experiences. They may lie to other people and themselves in order to hide their pain, and sometimes they can become stuck. In the classic fiction novel The Catcher in the Rye written by J.D. Salinger, Holden is a troubled adolescent, who is unable to move forward in life after witnessing the death of his younger brother, Allie at age 13. The death of Allie ended Holden’s childhood, but Holden’s reluctance to moveRead MoreCharacter Analysis : The Catcher In The Rye1297 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a family member passes away it causes hardship, not only immediate, but also in the long term. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The main character, Holden Caulfield, experienc es the loss of his brother. He is distanced from his family and friends emotionally, and at boarding school, is separated physically. Out of fear, he begins to shield himself from the world around him. Because of the death of Allie, Holden pushes away any new relationships that could lead to him gettingRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthat fulfill their ideals or agree with the things they say, but these relationships can also help one discover their personal philosophies by reinforcing opposing views. Indeed, in J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the way Holden reacts to and interacts with secondary characters reveal his established philosophies and the values he holds most dear to him. Although Holden never directly interacts with Jane Gallagher during the course of the novel, the way he thinks and talks about herRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Character Analysis940 Words   |  4 PagesIn chapter ten of J.D. Salinger’s, Catcher in the Rye, there are three important concepts: loneliness, depression, and idealism. Holden evinces these concepts when he talks about his younger sister, goes to the Lavender room, and mentions Radio City Music Hall. Each of these concepts builds upon each other, especially the idea that Holden is lonely. Holden is alone once he arrives in New York after leaving Pencey Prep. Holden’s loneliness makes him think of his younger sister, Phoebe, who has a lotRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is narrated by the main character, a sixteen year-old boy named Holden Caulfield. The story starts out with Holden attending a prep school near New York City called Pencey Academy. Soon we discover that Holden has been â€Å"given the axe† because of his apparent apathy about school and his grades. Unfortunately, Pencey is only one in a series of schools that Holden has flunked out of. The plot is all about Holden going out on an adventure by himself and tryingRead More The Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield741 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield In J.D. Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caufield, describes in detail the parts of his life and his environment that bother him the most. He faces these problems with a kind of naivety that prevents him from fully understanding why it is that he is so depressed. His life revolves around his problems, and he seems helpless in evading them. Among others, Holden finds himself facing the issues ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye 1733 Words   |  7 PagesBroderick-King English 101 5/24/16 Essay A.M.D.G. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is faced with multiple â€Å"phonies† that divert him from those he really holds affection for. Throughout the novel Holden shows disgust for certain characters but his ability to build relationships of intimacy are most eminent. Through Allie Caulfield, Holden is able to make a more personal connection. Seeing

Dramatic Irony Used for Characterization in Othello by...

â€Å"Some men just want to watch the world burn,† (Alfred [Michael Caine,] Batman; The Dark Knight). William Shakespeare uses a variety of literary devices throughout his works, but his use of dramatic irony specifically puts his readers at the edge of their seats. Being full of jealousy and betrayal, the plot of Othello is guided by this playwright’s usage of dramatic irony. Through the use of dramatic irony and characterization Shakespeare creates Iago, the most sinister character in all of literature. William Shakespeare, being born on April 23, 1563, was subject to an early renaissance education. With new ideals, such as humanism, spreading throughout Europe during this time it was inevitable that Shakespeare’s writings would be influenced by this. These humanistic qualities can be seen in Shakespeare’s writing, especially in Othello. Unlike his contemporaries, such as Miguel de Cervantes, Shakespeare did not completely absorb the concept humanism into his writing. El Quixote (Cervantes) is a completely humanistic work, but Othello is more reserved. Shakespeare’s characterization of Iago captures these non-humanistic qualities. Throughout Othello, the dramatic irony of â€Å"Honest† Iago is detrimental. Iago serves as Othello’s main attendant and is expected to get the promotion to lieutenant. Unexpectedly though, Othello gives the promotion of lieutenant to Michael Cassio. In all, this catalyzes Iago’s plot for revenge and destruction that will destroy everyShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Cruelty In Othello720 Words   |  3 Pagesfactor. In the play Othello by Shakespeare cruelty functions as a crucial motivation, creating a theme of being careful with who can be trusted because, you never know if they’re telling the whole truth. Throughout the play, diction, dramatic irony, and characterization were used to further emphasis the theme. The characterization of Othello contributes to theme in many different ways. Othello is someone who everyone seemed to trust. â€Å"This only is the witchcraft I have used. Here comes the ladyRead MoreShakespeares Play Othello and Tim Blake Nelsons Film O 826 Words   |  3 Pagesvalues have remained unaffected. Through the texts by composers William Shakespeare and Tim Blake nelson and their texts Othello and the late 20th century contemporary film O, the key values of trust, honesty and loyalty are explored with contextual influences being reflected. The values are explored with the use of thematic development of the key issues jealousy and appearance vs reality and the use of dramatic devices in Othello and cinematic techniques in O. Shakespeares accurate representationRead MoreEssay about There Are as Many Readings of Othello as There Are Readers.1972 Words   |  8 Pagesaspects that might contradict these particular readings. In Othello, there are likewise also many differ ent readings, for example, Feminist, Postcolonial and Aristotelian. It is possible to suggest two readings which perhaps may link to audiences psychologically and ideologically more successfully - the Aristotelian and Feminist reading, and this is evident through the plot, characterization language, and themes underpinning the text Othello. Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher first capturedRead More The Manipulation of Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay4756 Words   |  20 PagesManipulation of Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Othello Of Shakespeare’s great tragedies, the story of the rise and fall of the Moor of Venice arguably elicits the most intensely personal and emotional responses from its English-speaking audiences over the centuries. Treating the subject of personal human relationships, the tragedy which should have been a love story speaks to both reading and viewing audiences by exploring the archetypal dramatic values of love and betrayal. The final sourceRead More William Shakespeares Use of Song in the Early Comedies3188 Words   |  13 Pagesasleep (II.ii.7), this lullaby serves to advance the plot: during the song the queen not only retires but achieves such slumber as endures undisturbed by King Oberons ensuing mischief. This function resembles that of Let Me the Canakin Clink in Othello II.iii.71-75), explains Seng: not only to establish an atmosphere . . . but to stretch stage-time and make Cassios rapid drunkenness plausible (186). Further, Seng relates, an Elizabethan audience believed that music had actual therapeuticRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life3795 Words   |  16 PagesPaper March 23, 2016 William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Shakespeare was assumedly educated at the King?s New School in Stratford with an ?emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays,? writes an article entitled Shakespeare?s Life, found on Foldger Shakespeare Library. He most likely attended until around age fifteen. In late 1582, Shakespeare at age 18 married Anne HathawayRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesof identity is shaped by cultural and gender attitudes emergence of ethnic writers and women writers Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · narratives: both fiction and nonfiction anti-heroes concern with connections between people emotion-provoking humorous irony storytelling emphasized autobiographical essays Effect: ï‚ · too soon to tell Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · people beginning a new century and a new millennium media culture interprets values Analyzing Poetry: Poetry Tips Analyzing Poetry Read MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesor a personified abstraction †¢ â€Å"Eloquent, just, and mighty Death ! whom none could advise....† †¢ O WORLD, I cannot hold thee close enough! 8. approximate rhyme: also known as imperfect rhyme, near rhyme, slant rhyme, or oblique rhyme. A term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rhymes. Often words at the end of lines at first LOOK like they will rhyme but are not pronounced in perfect rhyme. Emily Dickinson’s poems are famous forRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagestree growing between the woodshed and outhouse. Kansas farmers planted the winged seeds for shade trees. He also delivered the Saturday Evening Post and the Lawrence Democrat. With the money, he hoped to buy new boots. Instead, Grandmother Mary used it to make a partial payment on the mortgage. To Langston, the word mortgage seemed almost as bad as the words slavery or Jim Crow Laws, the rules of segregation that kept him and other blacks from using public restrooms or drinking from public fountains

The Push For Equality Within The Military - 951 Words

Introduction/Objective: The push for equality by allowing women to serve in combat positions is not just isolated to a few military branches of service. According to the Department of Defense Secretary Ashton Cater, the push for women to be eligible for all positions in the military is credible, (Commander Call Topics, 2015). Based on the secretary’s recommendation, women will be eligible for all positions to include roles in combat. Senior leaders noted that this will provide a better selection of candidates, therefore increasing the quality of the selection process, (Commander Call Topics, 2015). The Air Force currently has opened over 4000 positions for women, including several that are combat related, (Commander Call Topics, 2015). The leading idea behind gendered neutrality is to improve the military’s position regarding well-qualified personnel in key positions regardless of gender. This integration is supported through equal opportunity for everyone who ins pires to serve their country. It has been noted that standards will remain the same, therefore women will need to pass the same requirements as their male counterparts. According to research, several studies were conducted prior to making the decision to open all military positions for women. It was noted that over 200,000 women worked alongside their male counterparts in Afghanistan and Iraq without incident, (Commander Call Topics, 2015). Their performance was noted as, nothing less than outstanding.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbigger role in the success of the movement. Soldiers of WWII had a substantial impact on the civil rights movement. In the book, A Breath of Freedom, it stated, â€Å"During World War II the African American population pushed for equality and integration of the United States military, which, at the time, remained in accordance with the culture and customs of the white majority by keeping the two races segregated (Hà ¶hn).† The term, separate but equal, made famous by the United States Supreme Court case PlessyRead MoreProposals on Social Classes751 Words   |  4 Pages As long as it has been in existence, society has always been fractured into social classes, the very rich and the very poor. I see within our society the chasm growing by the year. The proletariat, boxed into cramped houses, while the bourgeoisie reside in mansions that jut up towards the sky touching the clouds. The rich, who control mostly everything in todays age, capitalize on those less fortunate than themselves and bask in the ignorance of the l ower class. It is painful for myself to seeRead MoreThe American Revolution Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the present day. In a country built on â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,† certain values have been deemed favorable by the founding fathers. American political culture has thus been molded into one representative of liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, and nationalism; each of which Paine, Franklin, and Jefferson advocate for in some capacity through their writings. A memorable founding father of the United States of America, Thomas Paine, wrote with a fiery passionRead MoreNapoleon : An Enlightened Despot1597 Words   |  7 Pagesone of glory and greatness for both himself and his country. Through many consider him to be a militaristic megalomaniac, Napoleon had a deep interest in Voltairean enlightened despotism and a desire to make France great, combining to result in equality under the law and natural rights for men, as well as an improvement of the economy as a result of tax reform and banking. Inevitably, it must be conceded that Napoleon was a militaristic dictator in some regard, but his work as an enlightenedRead MoreFrom Corsets and Crocheting to Kevlar and Combat: The Journey of a Female Soldier1728 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems when those supportive elements encounter hostilities and naturally take measures to defend themselves. Conflict arises when those elements, engaging in combat, have female soldiers, which, is thought to be a violation of the United States Military Policy. This policy (taken from Army Regulation (AR) 10-6, 600-3) currently states that females may not engage in direct combat based on several factors (whs.mil). The current engagements in the Middle East and the change from a traditional styleRead MoreLincoln s Rights Of Slavery1730 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery was not needed where its not present. Lincoln says† It does not follow that social and political equality between whites and blacks, must be incorporated, because slavery must notà ¢â‚¬ . Lincoln strongly believed that whites and blacks should be equal however there was a twist he was okay with blacks to not be socially and politically equal. Lincoln believed strongly in equality, he said, â€Å"I have made it equally [lain that I think the negro is included in the word ‘men’ used in theRead MoreEssay Social Development of Values and Beliefs702 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Development of Values and Beliefs Values can be described as the general idea of proper and desirable behavior that formal and informal social organizations embrace. As a daughter in a military family, I have been exposed to the values and beliefs of many formal and informal social organizations. Since my family moved to a new town every ten months to three years, I belonged to many churches, schools, and peer groups. As is expected, these many social organizations had an effect onRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots And The Lgbt Community1678 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalent discrimination and prejudice enacted against the LGBTQ community can be witnessed on accounts of the Stonewall Riots and laws that affect the community such as not allowing gay men to donate blood, sexual orientation in connection to the military, et cetera. The gay rights movement has united to eradicate these issues through support of the LBGTQ community and to help people understand the process, timing, advantages, dangers, and pitfalls of coming out, as well as recent local and internationalRead MoreThe Arab Baath Movement and The Rise of the Baath Party in Syria1648 Words   |  7 Pagescommunities. They were attracted to the idea of equality on the basis of being an Arab and the promise of social reform, something that was desperately needed in the countryside. Additionally, the nationalist ideals the Baath promoted would neither exclude nor destroy the middle class and the positions they held (Galvani 4). The Baath also had a base in the military. Therefore, they were able to help members of rural communities join and gain prestige in the military. The Baath Party had two goals: to uniteRead MoreHow Democratic was Andrew Jackson?1042 Words   |  5 Pages(Doc 1). By 1832, only one state elected presidential electors by legislature which can be credited to Jackson and a new spirit that he brought to politics. Many state legislatures had been dominated by the wealthy and elite. Jackson presented more equality in voting by granting lower class people the ability to vote. Some describe the election of 1828 as a political revolution because, â€Å"Jacksons victory accelerated the transfer of national power from the country house to the farmhouse,† (Doc 2).

Study Guide for French Revolution Free Essays

Study Guide for French Revolution * Brinton’s model of a revolution: * Symptomatic Phase- all social classes are unhappy (peasants are scared of change, bourgeoisie want change) * Moderate Phase- revolution begins in hopes of control (radicals feel like there isn’t ENOUGH change) * Radical Phase- a strong men from a radical group gains and assumes power * Convalescence Phase- revolution has a setback; moderate groups regain power * Estates: First Estate: Clergy (less than 1% of population) * Upper Clergy: noble by birth/bishops * Lower Clergy: peasant class/priests * Second Estate: Nobility (less than 2% of population) * Privileged class * Absolute monarch would cause them to lose power * Third Estate: Common People (97% of population) * They pay all the taxes for the country * Includes the bourgeoisie, urban workers, peasants and serfs * Sans-culottes: radical lower class workers Louis XVI: King of France during the revolution; he was slow to make decisions about the r evolution * Marie Antoinette: France disliked her from the minute she married Louis XVI because she was Austrian and did not have a child for the first 7 or 8 years, and disregarded the struggle the public was going through * Old Regime: the social and political system before the revolution began * Cahiers- nobility Estates-General: under the Old Regime there was a legislative assembly with representatives from each estate; this system is very unfair because the 1st and 2nd estates would usually agree with one another and the third estate (which was obviously much larger than the other estates) was left in the dust; Louis XVI called them together when he heard about the revolution * Abbe Sieyes: a priest that wrote a pamphlet about the 3rd estate, which created the revolution to some extent because it made the third estate think about how little power they have; also this pamphlet helped the Old Regime urn into the National Assembly * National Assembly: the new legislative system in which the amount of representatives from the third estate was doubled, but the voting didn’t change (so in the end it helped with nothing) * Tennis Court Oath: Louis XVI locks the National Assembly out of their meeting spot at Versailles, so they go to an inside tennis court that’s near; the National Assembly took an oath saying that they would not separate, but reassemble whenever certain situations required a reorganization, at least until the constitution of France was created * The Bastille: July 14th, 1789;a large group of people bombarded the royal prison; it was a symbol of tyranny * The Great Fear: riots and violence spread to the countryside of France; people went on a rampage because they were afraid the king was forming an army and was going to attack them; National Assembly takes action to keep things in order * The Law of the Fourth of August: National Assembly abolishes feudalism (on paper, but in reality it doesn’t actually stop) * Emigres: Frenc h term meaning someone who has left/migrated out of the country * Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: influenced by Rousseau; not a radical document; only benefit wealthy men * â€Å"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity†: French motto March of the Women to Versailles: the goal was to bring the King back to Paris, so people could speak to him about important situations whenever they wanted * Civil Constitution of the Clergy: a law created that made the State have control of Church; priests were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution * Olympe de Gouges- a girondist woman who created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, which was after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was created * Jacobins- the most radical group that wanted Paris to be the center of government; represented interests of sans-culottes * Girondists- another radical group that favored decentralized government; feared sans-culottes * Legislative Assembly: National Assembly vo ted themselves out of existence and created this new assembly; it lacked experience because there was a rule that said anyone from the National Assembly couldn’t be in the Legislative Assembly * The Marseillaise- France National Anthem; also it is an area in France * Flight to Varennes: the royal family tried to escape and flee to Austria to live with Marie’s family; unfortunately they were caught ecause common people knew Louis XVI’s face from the currency (money) in France; after this people saw Louis as a traitor * National Convention: the NEW government of France during the Reign of Terror (radical phase of the revolution) * Robespierre- radical Jacobin; dictator of the Radical Phase; led the Committee of Public Safety * Committee of Public Safety: a radical group that tried to eliminate anyone who was against the revolution; killed them using the guillotine * Danton- led/roused up the sans-culottes; Robespierre eventually executed him * Jean Paul Marat- bit ter, angry newspaper writer, who took his anger out on the revolution; killed by the girondist, Charlotte Corday * Universal manhood suffrage- every man can vote, class doesn’t matter * Reign of Terror- period of time (during the radical phase) were there was a lot of violence stirred up by conflicts between the Jacobins and the Girondists; over 25,000 people were killed * Republic of Virtue- Robespierre tried to create this as part of the de-Christianization in France * Guillotine- an enlightened, democratic, and humane way to kill people; it was equal for everyone and someone’s class didn’t change the way they were killed * Levee en Masse- a law that said that everyone should someone support the revolution; men could fight in battles, old men could sell things; and women could be nurses for the injured men * Directory- government of France after the Reign of Terror; very corrupt; their only success was creating a better army by increasing patriotism; people wh o were originally involved in the Reign of Terror were now being attacked in what is known as the â€Å"White Terror†; they revived Catholicism; ruled by rich bourgeoisie * Napoleon Bonaparte: short, but extraordinarily energetic man from the island of Corsica, who believed he was destined to do great. In order to succeed and get what he wanted, he would do anything (Machiavellian). He created a new government: consulate. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide for French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now He tricked people into voting for him by making it seem like it was a democracy when he was going to dictate the country anyway; declared himself Emperor and crowned himself as a symbol of true power; he made sure that there was no freedom of speech for citizens and he restored Catholic Church * Josephine de Beauharnais: Napoleon’s first wife * Coup de’ etat: French term for overthrowing something * Plebiscite: everyone votes for something and someone simply counts to see how many greed or disagreed (very democratic) * Napoleonic Code: legal code that Napoleon created and brought everywhere; based on old Roman law and influenced modern day French law * Continental System: main goal was to hurt Great Britain economically, but it backfired on Napoleon * Duke of Wellington: the man who defeated Napoleon in his last battle (Battle of Waterloo) * Peninsular War: fought Portugal * Guerilla Warfare: hide and ambush * Russian campaign: on June 24th, 1812, Napoleon ignores the advice from his advisors and invades Russia; the weather randomly turned winter-like plus the unfamiliar size of Russia helped defeat Napoleon * Scorched-earth policy: Russians would burn everything in their path to create hardship for their enemies * Elba: an island that Napoleon was exiled to * Hundred Days: Napoleon came back to France after he was exiled, Louis XVIII was afraid so he fled, Napoleon was in control for 100 days * St. Helena: the second island Napoleon was exiled to; he died there * Klemens von Metternich: the Prince of Austria; also the President of the Congress * Congress of Vienna: a meeting in Austria; nobles who were in the Congress wanted everything to just go back to the way it was before the Revolution, which was reactionary * Balance of Power- a new diplomatic system that created an equal amount of power for different sections of government * Lord Castlereagh- British representative in the Congress of Vienna * Talleyrand- French representative in the Congress of Vienna * Principles of Peace Statement: * Legitimacy- if someone was legitimate or not, so they could rule * Compensation- something, typically money, awarded to someone as to make amends for loss, injury, or suffering * German Confederation- the Congress of Vienna voted to destroy the Holy Roman Empire and create the German Confederation, taking hundreds of miniscule states and creating 15 main states within the association How to cite Study Guide for French Revolution, Essay examples

Advanced Financial Management

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Financial Management. Answer: Introduction There are two primary methods being used in the analysis and selection of the stocks namely fundamental and technical (Schlichting, 2013). This report is prepared to discuss various aspects of fundamental and technical analyses. There have been created two portfolios comprising 10 stocks each. The stocks of one portfolio have been selected based on the fundamental analysis and the stocks of other portfolio have been selected based on technical analysis. Various tools and techniques within the categories of fundamental and technical analysis have been applied in this report. The tools used under fundamental analysis are price earnings ratio, return on equity, and dividend yield. Further, the tools used under technical analysis are moving average, line charts, and support and resistance levels. Literature Review Analysis and selection of the right stocks, which prove to be worthy for the investor, is a tedious task. The investors for this purpose employ fundamental as well as technical analytical tools and techniques. The fundamental and technical analysis covers the analytical aspects broadly however still there remains the risk. This risk is explained in the theories of behavioral finance and efficient market hypothesis. The theories of behavioral finance state that the prices of stocks are sometimes affected by the behavioral influences (Ackert and Deaves, 2009). For example, when the stock market of US collapsed followed by the global financial crisis, the stock markets of other countries also slopped downward. This shows the behavioral influence that when the investors started selling their holdings in the US, the investors from other countries also started clearing out their positions in the wake of severe loss. The selling pressure broke the market causing significant downfall in the prices of stocks (Ackert and Deaves, 2009). Thus, it could be noted that when the events like global financial crisis encounters, even the stocks bought rigorously analyzing could be result in loss. In the situation like financial crisis, the investor becomes takes irrational decision while selling the stocks (Baker and Nofsinger, 2010). The theories of fundamental analysis are based on the assumption that the investor always act rationally. However, the theories of behavioral finance state that the investor could be irrational in the events like financial crisis. Thus, the views taken out of behavioral finance principles could contrast with the views taken out of the fundamental theories. Further, there is another crucial aspect of investment analysis that is the efficient market hypothesis. The theory of efficient market states that no one can beat the market. This implies that the investors can not make gains by exploiting the information gap in the market (Harder, 2010). The theory of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is based on the belief that the stock market always remains efficient. The EMH theory states that all relevant information is available to all the market participants and the investors behave rationally. The theory further states that the current price prevailing on the stock market incorporates all the information and thus, there remains no scope to find the undervalued or overvalued stocks (Kurth, 2013). According to EMH, the stocks trading on the indices are fairly priced and it is impossible to find out the undervalued or overvalued stocks. Therefore, the efficient market theory contrasts with the principles of fundamental analysis. The dividend discount model and harry Markowitz theory of portfolio selection prescribe the fundamentals to compute the fair values of the stocks. According to these fundamental theories, the stocks could be undervalued or overvalued and thus, the investor can make profits by finding out the undervalued stocks and selling them in future at the high prices (Kurth, 2013). The proponents of the EMH claim that it is wastage of time to search and find out the undervalued stocks using fundamental analysis or to predict the future trend using technical analysis. However, the efficient market theory is criticized and its practical application is questioned (Kurth, 2013). There are people such as Warren Buffet who have shown that the efficient market theory is incorrect by beating the market on many occasions. Further, the assumption of EMH that information is available to all the market participants at all times also does not appear to be appropriate. Therefore, it could be inferred that despite being there EMH and behavioral influences, the fundamental and technical analyzes holds importance for the investors (Kurth, 2013). Rationale and Methodology The methodology means the overall approach used by the researcher in collecting the data and analyzing the same to make out meaningful conclusions. It is crucial for the researcher to adopt suitable methodology to carry out the research work in the right direction (Phillips and Stawarski, 2016). The current report aims to analyze two portfolios, one formed based on fundamental analysis and the other based on technical analysis. For this purpose, 20 stocks have been selected for two portfolios each comprising 10 stocks. The stocks selected for fundamental portfolio were based on the parameters like profit margin, return on equity, dividend yield, and price to earnings ratio. On the other hand, the stocks comprising the technical portfolio were selected based on the trend analysis by line chart, analysis of moving average, and the analysis of support and resistance levels. The list of stocks comprised in two portfolios is given in the appendix-1. The appendix shows name of the company along with the reasons for its selection. In regards to the fundamental portfolio, the stocks such as Singtel (Singapore Communications Limited) and StarHub Limited were selected based on the high profit margin and high return on equity respectively. Singtel is earning a profit margin of 23.25% while Starhub is providing a surprising return on equity of 178.51% (Appendix-1). Further, stocks such as Sembcorp Marine Ltd and Wilmar International Limited were found to be with low price to book value ratio, which depicts possibility of increase in price in future. The stocks of technical portfolio were selected by analyzing the trend in historical prices. Analysis of Singapore Airlines Ltds stock price is depicted in the chart given below: Figure 1: Singapore Airlines Daily Price Movement [Source: https://in.finance.yahoo.com/q?s=C6L.SI] It could be observed that the days price of stock is showing rising trend which shows stocks potential to provide high returns in short term. Further, other stocks were also analyzed for trend to make final choice about their selection. Results and Analysis Analysis of one Stock from Fundamental Portfolio The most commonly used fundamental stock evaluation techniques are dividend discount model and PE Multiple model. The stock namely Starhub Limited has been analyzed as under applying these methods: Dividend Discount Model The dividend discount model is used to compute the fair value of the stock. Based on the fair value computed the stock is analyzed as to whether it is undervalued or overvalued and based on this analysis, the decision for investment is made (Madura, 2014): Dividend Discount Model: Starhub Limited Dividend expected 0.198 Growth rate 3% Discount rate 6.70% Intrinsic Value 5.358 The outcome of the above analysis shows that the fair value of the stock is S$5.36 which is higher than the market price of S$2.83 prevailing as on November 28, 2016. As dividend discount model, the stock is overvalued. PE Multiple Model PE Multiple is also used to compute fair value of the stock using earnings per share and industry PE ratio (Madura, 2014): PE Multiple Model: Starhub Limited Industry PE ratio 5.1 EPS of Starhub Limited 0.2 Intrinsic Value 1.02 The results of PE Multiple Model show that the fair value of the stock is S$1.02 which is lower than the market price of S$2.83 prevailing as on November 28, 2016. As per PE Multiple, the stock is undervalued. Analysis of one Stock from Technical Portfolio Three techniques such as line chart, moving average, and support and resistance levels have been used to analyze one of the technical portfolio stocks namely Singapore Airlines Ltd. Line Chart: Figure 2: Stock of Price Trend Analysis The line chart presented above shows historical trend in the stocks price for the period beginning from November 28, 2016 to January 06, 2017. It could be observed that the price of stock was high at the beginning however it reduced in December 2016. Further, in the month of January the trend was observed changing as the price started rising again. The signals of rise in the price in the initial days of January suggested that the stock is worth investing. Moving Average: The simple moving average of Singapore Airlines Ltds prices computed over the historical period beginning from November 28, 2016 and ending on January 06, 2017 has been found to be S$9.57 (Refer Excel). This indicates that buying the stock when price of the stock is above S$9.57 will be beneficial for the investor. Further, when the price of stock goes below S$9.57, it is advisable to sale the stock because the price may fall further down in that case. In the current case, the price of Singapore Airlines Ltd increases to S$9.86 on January 10, 2017, therefore, it is advisable to buy the stock. Support and Resistance Levels: The stock of Singapore Airlines Limited trades in the range of S$9.60-11.67. Thus, the stocks resistance level can be taken as S$11.67 and its support level as S$9.60. This implies that the stocks price would go lower than S$9.60 rarely, but if it surpasses this level, the stock may fall severely down. Similarly, the stocks price would go max high to S$11.60, but once this level is broken, it is more likely that stock will rise high. Figure 3: Singapore Airlines Support and Resistance Activities in Fundamental Portfolio There have been two activities in the portfolio-1 (Fundamental) as depicted in appendix-2. Under the first activity, 1000 shares of SingTel (Singapore Communications Limited) were sold at the price of S$4 per share. This decision to sale 1000 shares was taken to book the profits because the stock achieved new levels reaching at S$4 (Appendix-2). Further, the second activity involves buying 2700 shares of Sembcorp Marine Ltd on January 20, 2017. These 2700 shares of Sembcorp Marine Ltd were bought using the amount received on sales of 1000 shares of SingTel. In buying Sembcorp Marine Ltd on January 20, 2017, it was considered that the share is undervalued and it will pick up in coming months. Activities in Technical Portfolio There have been four activities in portfolio-2 as depicted in the appendix-3. Under the first activity, the 800 shares of Singapore Airlines Ltd were sold on February 01, 2017 at the price of S$10.06. Since, the price of stock increased by 2.14% in less than a months period, thus, it was considered appropriate to book the profits. In the second activity, 15,527 shares of Hyflux Limited were bought using the funds collected from sale of 800 shares of Singapore Airlines Limited (Appendix-3). The price of Hyflux Limited was observed to be slopping down, thus, decision to buy taken to increase the holdings cheaply. In the third activity, 18,000 shares of Hyflux Limited were sold at the price of S$0.6272. The analysis of trend in price showed that the stock was at its peak when reached at S$0.6272 and therefore decision to sell was taken. Under the fourth activity, the cash received on sale of 18,000 shares of Hyflux Limited was used in buying 7162 shares of Far East Orchard Limited. The decision to increase the holdings in Far East Orchard Limited was taken because the company was looking strong to grow in future. Evaluation of Performance of both the Portfolios It could be observed that the fundamental portfolio provided a holding period return of 6.39% which is higher than the expected market return of 5% (Appendix-2). Thus, it could be inferred that the fundamental portfolio beat the market and proved the efficient market hypothesis wrong which states that market can not be beaten. Further, the technical portfolio earned a holding period return of 9.69% which is also higher than the market expectations and thus, it also beat the market comfortably (Appendix-3). Conclusion The report presented here covers the analysis of stocks based on the fundamental and technical parameters. This report provides learning on critical aspects of fundamental and technical analysis covering the knowledge of various tools and techniques such as dividend discount model, PE Multiple model, and line chart analysis, moving average, and support and resistance levels. Further, the report also provides leaning as to how to formulate a portfolio of stocks and monitor the progress throughout. The report covers decision making for the sale and purchase of stocks during the period so that the overall performance of portfolio could be improved. In regards to the performance of portfolios, it was observed that both the portfolios outperformed the market by earning holding period returns higher than the market expectations. The fundamental portfolio earned a return of 6.39% while the technical portfolio earned a return of 9.69% as against the market expectations of 5%. References Ackert, L and Deaves, R. 2009. Behavioral Finance: Psychology, Decision-Making, and Markets. Cengage Learning. Baker, H.K. and Nofsinger, J.R. 2010. Behavioral Finance: Investors, Corporations, and Markets. John Wiley Sons. Harder, S. 2010. The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Application to Stock Markets. GRIN Verlag. Kurth, S. 2013. Critical Review about Implications of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. GRIN Verlag. Madura, J. 2014. Financial Markets and Institutions. Cengage Learning. Phillips, P.P. and Stawarski, C.A. 2016. Data Collection: Planning for and Collecting All Types of Data. John Wiley Sons. Schlichting, T. 2013. Fundamental Analysis, Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis on the Stock Market. GRIN Verlag.